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      • Guiding Principles on Taking a Public Stance
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      • AHA Statement Opposing Florida House Bill 999 (March 2023)
      • AHA Letter Expressing Concern for US Citizen and History Teacher Imprisoned in Russia (March 2023)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Marymount University Opposing Proposed Elimination of History Major (February 2023)
      • AHA Signs On to ACLS Statement in Support of Academic Freedom and New College of Florida (February 2023)
      • Manager of Teaching and Learning Testifies before Virginia Board of Education (February 2023)
      • AHA Letter to US Secretary of State Urging Assistance with Safe Return of Pierre Buteau (January 2023)
      • AHA Sends Letters Opposing Proposed Elimination of History Major at Marymount University (January 2023)
      • AHA Signs On to American Anthropological Association Letter Opposing Appointees to New College of Florida Governing Board (January 2023)
      • AHA Signs On to CIE Letter Urging Title VI Funding for 2023 (January 2023)
      • AHA Collaboration on Proposed Virginia History and Social Science Draft Standards (December 2022)
      • AHA Letter to Virginia Board of Education Urging Adoption of Proposed History Standards (October 2022)
      • AHA Supports Nomination of Colleen Shogan as Archivist of the United States (September 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to South Dakota Board of Education Opposing Social Studies Standards Revision Process (September 2022)
      • AHA Amicus Curiae Brief in Haaland v. Brackeen (August 2022)
      • AHA Letter to Virginia Governor Regarding Board of Historic Resources Appointments and Confederate Monuments (August 2022)
      • History, the Supreme Court, and Dobbs v. Jackson: Joint Statement from the AHA & the OAH (July 2022)
      • AHA Endorses the LGBTQI+ Data Inclusion Act (June 2022)
      • AHA Signs ASEH Letter Opposing Closure of EPA Digital Archive (June 2022)
      • AHA Signs Letter Advocating for Title VI Funding (May 2022)
      • AHA Signs On to Joint Statement of Opposition to Banning Scholars Based on Citizenship (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Kansas Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to South Carolina Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Letter to Iowa State University Urging Reconsideration of Planned Budget Cuts (March 2022)
      • AHA Signs On to Coalition for International Education Letter Urging Reauthorization of Key Title IV Programs (March 2022)
      • AHA Signs On to African Studies Association Statement on Discriminatory Treatment of Africans Fleeing War in Ukraine (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Nebraska Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Oklahoma Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Alaska Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Alabama Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Ohio Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Maryland Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to West Virginia Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Kentucky Legislature Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Tennessee Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Indiana Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Statement Condemning Russian Invasion of Ukraine (February 2022)
      • Bomb Threats against HBCUs: A History of Domestic Terrorism (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Arizona Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Florida Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Georgia Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Missouri Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to South Dakota Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Statement Condemning Violations of Presidential Records Act (February 2022)
      • AHA Letter to Collin College President Regarding Nonrenewal of History Faculty (February 2022)
      • AHA Signs Statement Urging State Department to Protect Afghan Students and Scholars (February 2022)
      • AHA Letter Opposing Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District Resolution (January 2022)
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      • Ukraine, Russia, and the Cold War and its Legacies: Resources from the American Historical Association
      • The History of Racist Violence in the United States: Resources from the American Historical Association
      • A Bibliography of Historians' Responses to COVID-19
      • The Assault on the Capitol in Historical Perspective: Resources for Educators
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    • History in Focus
    • Where Historians Work
      • Where Historians Work (2004–13)
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      • Methodology
    • History, the Past, and Public Culture: Results from a National Survey
      • Introduction
      • 1. How Does the Public Define “History”?
      • 2. Why Does the Public Care about the Past (If It Cares at All)?
      • 3. Where Do People Get Their History?
      • 4. Which Sources of the Past Are Viewed as Trustworthy?
      • 5. How Does the Public Want to Learn about the Past?
      • 6. What Have the Public’s History Education Experiences Been Like?
      • 7. What Aspects of the Past Does the Public Want to Learn More About?
      • 8. How Much Does the Public Value the Field of History and Historians’ Work?
      • 9. What Are the Public’s Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past?
      • 10. Is There a Link between Historical Outlooks and Civic Engagement?
      • Appendix A: Survey Development and Methodology
      • Appendix B: Survey Instrument and Topline Results
      • Appendix C: Project Advisers
      • About the Survey
      • Project Leadership
      • Acknowledgments
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      • The Decision to Secede and Establish the Confederacy: A Selection of Primary Sources
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    • Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty
      • Final Report on Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty
    • Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education
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      • Guiding Principles on Taking a Public Stance
      • Policies and Procedures for Considering Amicus Brief Requests
      • AHA Statement Opposing Florida House Bill 999 (March 2023)
      • AHA Letter Expressing Concern for US Citizen and History Teacher Imprisoned in Russia (March 2023)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Marymount University Opposing Proposed Elimination of History Major (February 2023)
      • AHA Signs On to ACLS Statement in Support of Academic Freedom and New College of Florida (February 2023)
      • Manager of Teaching and Learning Testifies before Virginia Board of Education (February 2023)
      • AHA Letter to US Secretary of State Urging Assistance with Safe Return of Pierre Buteau (January 2023)
      • AHA Sends Letters Opposing Proposed Elimination of History Major at Marymount University (January 2023)
      • AHA Signs On to American Anthropological Association Letter Opposing Appointees to New College of Florida Governing Board (January 2023)
      • AHA Signs On to CIE Letter Urging Title VI Funding for 2023 (January 2023)
      • AHA Collaboration on Proposed Virginia History and Social Science Draft Standards (December 2022)
      • AHA Letter to Virginia Board of Education Urging Adoption of Proposed History Standards (October 2022)
      • AHA Supports Nomination of Colleen Shogan as Archivist of the United States (September 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to South Dakota Board of Education Opposing Social Studies Standards Revision Process (September 2022)
      • AHA Amicus Curiae Brief in Haaland v. Brackeen (August 2022)
      • AHA Letter to Virginia Governor Regarding Board of Historic Resources Appointments and Confederate Monuments (August 2022)
      • History, the Supreme Court, and Dobbs v. Jackson: Joint Statement from the AHA & the OAH (July 2022)
      • AHA Endorses the LGBTQI+ Data Inclusion Act (June 2022)
      • AHA Signs ASEH Letter Opposing Closure of EPA Digital Archive (June 2022)
      • AHA Signs Letter Advocating for Title VI Funding (May 2022)
      • AHA Signs On to Joint Statement of Opposition to Banning Scholars Based on Citizenship (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Kansas Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to South Carolina Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Letter to Iowa State University Urging Reconsideration of Planned Budget Cuts (March 2022)
      • AHA Signs On to Coalition for International Education Letter Urging Reauthorization of Key Title IV Programs (March 2022)
      • AHA Signs On to African Studies Association Statement on Discriminatory Treatment of Africans Fleeing War in Ukraine (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Nebraska Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Oklahoma Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Alaska Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Alabama Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Ohio Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Maryland Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to West Virginia Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Kentucky Legislature Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Tennessee Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (March 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Indiana Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Statement Condemning Russian Invasion of Ukraine (February 2022)
      • Bomb Threats against HBCUs: A History of Domestic Terrorism (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Arizona Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Florida Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to Georgia Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letter to Missouri Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Sends Letters to South Dakota Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (February 2022)
      • AHA Statement Condemning Violations of Presidential Records Act (February 2022)
      • AHA Letter to Collin College President Regarding Nonrenewal of History Faculty (February 2022)
      • AHA Signs Statement Urging State Department to Protect Afghan Students and Scholars (February 2022)
      • AHA Letter Opposing Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District Resolution (January 2022)
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    • Everything Has a History
      • Ukraine, Russia, and the Cold War and its Legacies: Resources from the American Historical Association
      • The History of Racist Violence in the United States: Resources from the American Historical Association
      • A Bibliography of Historians' Responses to COVID-19
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    • History in Focus
    • Where Historians Work
      • Where Historians Work (2004–13)
      • Where Historians Work (2014–17)
      • Methodology
    • History, the Past, and Public Culture: Results from a National Survey
      • Introduction
      • 1. How Does the Public Define “History”?
      • 2. Why Does the Public Care about the Past (If It Cares at All)?
      • 3. Where Do People Get Their History?
      • 4. Which Sources of the Past Are Viewed as Trustworthy?
      • 5. How Does the Public Want to Learn about the Past?
      • 6. What Have the Public’s History Education Experiences Been Like?
      • 7. What Aspects of the Past Does the Public Want to Learn More About?
      • 8. How Much Does the Public Value the Field of History and Historians’ Work?
      • 9. What Are the Public’s Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past?
      • 10. Is There a Link between Historical Outlooks and Civic Engagement?
      • Appendix A: Survey Development and Methodology
      • Appendix B: Survey Instrument and Topline Results
      • Appendix C: Project Advisers
      • About the Survey
      • Project Leadership
      • Acknowledgments
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  • Teaching & Learning
    • Why Study History?
      • Department Advocacy Toolkit
        • For Career Counselors & Academic Advisers
        • For Higher Education Administrators
        • For History Professors & Department Chairs
        • For Students
        • External Resources to Advocate for History and the Humanities
        • Famous History Majors
      • Questionnaire: Why Study History?
      • Careers for History Majors
        • Introduction
          • Download Careers for History Majors
        • What Can You Do with That History Degree?
        • History Discipline Core
        • Taking Charge of Your Education
        • Talking to Employers about Your Degree
        • Many Paths, One Degree Introduction
        • An Education to Last a Lifetime
        • Opening Doors to Life in a Global Economy
        • Connecting Past to Present
        • The Landscape after College
        • What Employers Want
        • The Well-Rounded History Graduate
        • Contributors
        • History Major Testimonials
    • Teaching Resources for Historians
      • Classroom Materials
        • Teaching WWI History through Food
        • Evaluating without Grading
        • Teach Your Family
      • Approaches to Teaching
        • Other Perspectives Articles on Assessment and Outcomes
        • Resources on K-16 Teaching
        • Training Teachers to Teach History in K-12 Schools
          • Introduction
          • Salem State College
          • Illinois State University
          • University of Northern Colorado
          • California State University at Long Beach
          • Central Connecticut State University
        • New State Guidance to Improve the Rigor of Teaching in Civics, Economics, Geography, and History
        • Internationalizing Student Learning Outcomes in History
        • Other Resources on Teaching History to Undergraduates
        • Power Tools for Teaching and Learning at an Urban-Access University
          • Author's Preface and Introduction
          • 1. From Retention to Empowerment
          • 2. I Must Want a University Education
          • 3. The Fundamentals for Studying a Liberal Arts Subject
          • 4. When the University Becomes a Jungle Full of Stress
          • 5. A Student Code for Academic Success
          • 6. Do You Want to Go Higher? Empowering Yourself
          • Appendix: The CBS Student-Parent Contract
        • The AHA Guide to Teaching and Learning with New Media
          • Preface
          • From Scarcity to Abundance
            • Scarcity
            • Pedagogies of Scarcity vs. the History Student's Need for Cognitive Flexibility
            • Inauthentic Assignments and Student Coping
          • Abundance
          • Multiple Points of Entry
          • Cognitive Flexibility
          • Making Mental Links across Time and Among Diverse Materials
          • Conclusion
          • Western Civ. Examples
          • Some Very Detailed Examples
            • Renaissance Humanism: Machiavelli and More
            • Renaissance Art: Vasari's Lives of the Artists
            • Conquest of Mexico
            • Life at Versailles in the Reign of Louis XIV
            • An Age of Reason: The Encyclopedic Century
            • The Five Points Neighborhood and the New York City Draft Riots
            • The Crisis at Fort Sumter
            • The Dramas of Haymarket
            • World War I as a Turning Point
            • The Seattle General Strike and the "Great Red Scare"
            • Living through the Great Depression
            • Reprise: A New Domesticity and a New Feminism
          • How Do I Find the Good Stuff?
          • Helping Students Use Bibliographic Tools
          • Using E-Mail, Blogs, Bulletin Boards
          • A Conversation with Richard E. Bond
        • Advice to History Departments on NCATE Review of Teacher Preparation Programs
        • Video Resources for K-12 History Teachers
        • Teaching and Learning Video Resources
        • The Teaching History Conference
      • Teaching with DigHist
      • Resources for Globalizing the US History Survey
        • Resources for Teaching American and Hawaiian History
          • Introduction to Ethnic Studies: Course Description (Kapi'olani Community Coll.)
          • Introduction to Ethnic Studies: Lecture and Assignment Schedule (Kapi'olani Community Coll.)
        • Video Resources on Globalizing the US History Survey
      • Resources for Tuning the History Discipline
        • Two-Year/Community Colleges
          • Degree Specification Profile for the AA, Bergen Community College
          • Alumni Survey for Students Graduating with an AA in Liberal Arts, Bergen Community College
          • Going Beyond General Education at the Associate’s Level, Bergen Community College
          • Degree Specification Profile for the AA in History, Central New Mexico Community College
          • Sample Course Syllabus for Recent American History, Delta College
          • Degree Specification Profile for the AA (History Pre-Major), Delta College
          • Basic Requirements for AA Degree, Delta College
          • Course Outcomes and Objectives: A Survey of Early Western Civilization (Delta College)
          • Course Outcomes and Objectives: A Survey of Later Western Civilization (Delta College)
          • Course Outcomes and Objectives: Early American History (Delta College)
          • Course Outcomes and Objectives: Recent American History (Delta College)
          • Degree Specification for AA in History, Fullerton College
          • Degree Specification Profile for Transfer Students, Fullerton College
          • Degree Specification Profile for the AA and AS in History, North Seattle Community College
          • What Do You Learn from Taking History Classes? (North Seattle Community College)
          • Degree Specification Profile for the History Pre-Major, Portland Community College
          • Degree Specification Profile for the AS in Social Science, Tidewater Community College
          • Proposal for AA in Social Sciences, Tidewater Community College
        • Four-Year Private Universities
          • Saint Vincent College History Department Goals and Assessment
            • Table 1: History Department Goals and Assessments Measures
            • Table 4: History Major Portfolio Description
            • Table 5: History Program Assessment of Program Success
            • Graph 1: History Major Plans at the Moment of Graduation
          • General Education Learning Goals and Outcomes, Southern Hew Hampshire University
          • History Teaching at an AAUP-LEAP Campus
          • Degree Specification Profile, Alverno College
          • Ability Based Learning Program, Alverno College
          • Tuning Research Description, Alverno College
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, Augsburg College
          • Alumni Survey, Augsburg College
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, Augustana College
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, Carleton College
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, Millsaps College
          • Major Requirements for the BA in History, Regis University
          • History Rubric, Regis University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, Southern New Hampshire University
          • Tuning Project Summary, Southern New Hampshire University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, St. Francis College
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, Willamette University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, Wingate University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, York College of Pennsylvania
        • Four-Year Public Universities
          • Degree Specification Profile, CSU Long Beach
          • History Quick Guide, CSU Long Beach
          • Teaching U.S. Environmental History to STEM (and History) Majors at CSULB
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA/BS in History, Florida A&M University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the Masters of Applied Social Sciences, Florida A&M University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, Georgia State University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, James Madison University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the MA in History, James Madison University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, Marshall University
          • Core Competencies/Learning Outcomes Matrix, Morgan State University
          • Degree Specification Profile, New College of Florida
          • Requirements for Selecting an Area of Concentration, New College of Florida
          • Student Progress Evaluation Worksheet, New College of Florida
          • Sample Rubric, New College of Florida
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, SUNY Fredonia
          • Degree Specification Profile for BA/BS in History, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
          • Student Learning Outcomes, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
          • Degree Specification Profile for MA in History, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
          • Degree Specification for the MA in History, University of Maine
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, University of Maine
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA in History, University of Florida
          • Degree Specification Profile for the PhD in History, University of Maine
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BS in History, Technology and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology
          • Degree Specification Profile for the BA/BS in History, Utah State University
          • Degree Specification Profile for the MA/MS in History, Utah State University
        • Degree Specification Profiles
        • Tuning: Further Reading
      • The Decision to Secede and Establish the Confederacy: A Selection of Primary Sources
      • Plagiarism: Curricular Materials for History Instructors
        • Defining Plagiarism
        • Preventing Plagiarism
        • Detecting Plagiarism
        • Exercises
        • Suggested Readings for Graduate Students
        • Bibliography of Print Sources
        • Web Sites to Explore
        • Acknowledgements
      • How to Detect and Demonstrate Plagiarism
      • Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age
        • The History of the Americas
          • The Conquest of Mexico
            • Biography
            • Reflective Essay
            • Abstract
            • For Teachers
              • General Discussion of the Primary Sources Used in This Project
              • Setting Up the Project
                • Historical Thinking Skills
              • More to Think About
              • Understanding How Primary Sources--Visual and Textual--Were Produced
            • For Students
              • Introduction to the World Wide Web and Hypermedia
              • Who's Who?/What's What?
              • What the Textbooks Have To Say About the Conquest of Mexico
              • A Brief Guide to The Sources
              • Where to Go Next
              • Writing History: An Introductory Guide to How History Is Produced
            • Maps
              • Tenochtitlan
              • A Detailed View of Tenochtitlan
              • Route the Spaniards Took from Vera Cruz to Tenochtitlan
            • Timeline
            • Narrative Overviews
              • Some Interpretive Ideas
                • Bernal Diaz del Castillo
                • Jeronimo de Aguilar
                • Isabel Rodriguez
              • Malinche: Indian Princess or Slavish Whore?
                • Anxiety of Motecuhzoma and His People
                • Dona Marina
                • Cortes on Malinche/Marina
                • Representations of Malinche
              • An Overview
              • Divisions and Conflicts between the Tlaxacalans and the Mexicas
              • Religious Conflicts in the Conquest of Mexico
              • The Narvaez Expedition
              • The Reconquest of Mexico
            • Contrast and Comparison Exercises
              • Lopez de Gomara on Mexica Rebellion
              • What Happened in Cholula?
            • Image Exercises
              • Diego Rivera, "Malinche and Son"
              • Jose Clemente Orozco, "Cortes and Malinche"
              • Spaniards Convert Tlaxcalan Women
              • The Cholula Massacre
              • Moctezuma Meets Cortés
              • Mexicas Trap Spaniards
              • The Night of Sorrows
              • Spaniards Fight Mexicas
              • Tlaxcalans Fight Alongside of Spaniards
              • Spaniards Besiege Tenochtitlan
            • Florentine Codex
              • Omens Predicting Catastrophe
              • Moctezuma Learns of Strange Visitors
              • Moctezuma Sends Messengers to the Strangers
              • Moctezuma's Messengers Greet Cortes
              • Moctezuma Learns about the Spaniards
              • Moctezuma Sends Emissaries to the Spaniards
              • Moctezuma Learns of Malinche
              • Mexica Account of Cholula Massacre
              • Moctezuma Sends Sorcerers to Stop the Spaniards
              • Mexica Accounts of Moctezuma Meeting Cortes
              • Cortes Puts Moctezuma under House Arrest
              • Malinche Begs Mexicas to Help Spaniards
              • Mexicas Prepare to Celebrate the Festival of Toxcatl
              • The Festival of Toxcatl
              • The Death of Moctezuma
              • Spaniards Flee Tenochtitlan
              • Plague Strikes Tenochtitlan
              • Spaniards Besiege Tenochtitlan with Brigantines
              • Mexicas Defend Themselves against the Spanish Catapult
              • Mexica Receive Omens Predicting Defeat
              • Mexica Capture and Sacrifice Spaniards and Their Horses
              • Cuauhtemoc Surrenders
            • Letters from Hernan Cortes
              • Cortes Describes the Country
              • The Spaniards Describe Indigenous Religion
              • Cortes Defends His Decision to Conquer Mexico
              • Cortes Defends His Expedition
              • Cortes Receives Gold from Caciques
              • Cortes Meets Xicotencatl, Tlaxcala Chief
              • Moctezuma Sends Gold to the Spaniards
              • Cortes Thrilled to Learn of Divisions and Conflicts in Mexico
              • Tlaxcalans Urge Cortes to Visit Cholula
              • Cortes Meets Cholulans
              • Moctezuma Asks Spaniards to Stay Put
              • The Spaniards Investigate the Volcano Popocatepetl
              • Cortes on Meeting Moctezuma
              • Cortes Decides to Imprison Moctezuma
              • Cortes Forces Moctezuma to Tell Mexicas to Obey King of Spain
              • Cortes Describes Tenochtitlan
              • Cortes Describes Mexica Temples and Rituals
              • Cortes Decides to Fight Panfilo Narvaez
              • Cortes Defeats Narvaez
              • Cortes Learns of Revolt in Tenochtitlan
              • Cortes Returns to Tenochtitlan
              • Moctezuma Killed
              • Cortes on La Noche Triste or The Night of Sorrows
              • Spaniards Fight Their Way Back to Tlaxcala
              • Xicotencatl and Other Tlaxcalan Leaders Promise to Help Spaniards
              • Cortes Constructs Brigantines as Crucial Weapon
              • Cortes Begins to Retake Tenochtitlan with Brigantines
              • Spaniards Assault Tenochtitlan
              • Cortes Wins New Indian Allies and Strategizes How Best to Deploy the Brigantines
              • Cortes Decides to Destroy Tenochtitlan
              • Cortes Explains Why Spaniards Can't Stay in Tenochtitlan Overnight
              • Cortes Gains More Indian Allies
              • Mexicas Force Pedro de Alvarado to Retreat from the Marketplace
              • Mexicas Inflict Casualties on the Spaniards
              • Mexicas Sacrifice Spaniards
              • Cortés Tries to Take Tenochtitlan
              • Spaniards Construct Catapult (Battering Ram)
              • Cortes Begs Mexicas to Surrender
              • Cuauhtemoc Taken Prisoner
              • Conqueror of Mexico
            • Historia Verdadera
              • Diaz del Castillo Describes How the Spaniards Found Geronimo de Aguilar
              • Spaniards Given Gifts of Women after Defeating Tabascans
              • Diaz del Castillo Explains the Significance of Dona Marina
              • Diaz del Castillo Reports on Usefulness of Dona Marina
              • Spaniards Attempt to Convert Tlaxcalans
              • Tlaxcalan Leaders Tell Cortes about the Mexicas and Their History
              • Spaniards Learn about Myth of Quetzalcoatl
              • Cholulans Agree to Talk To Spaniards, but Not Tlaxcalans
              • Cholulans and Mexicas Plot to Defeat Spaniards
              • Cortes Wants Cholulans To Destroy Idols
              • An Old Woman Warns Dona Marina of the Plot to Kill the Spaniards
              • Spaniards Attack Cholulans
              • Spaniards Send Message to Moctezuma
              • Spaniards Take the Blocked Road
              • Cortes Meets Moctezuma
              • Spaniards Want to Visit a Temple
              • Diaz del Castillo Describes Moctezuma and His Customs
              • Spaniards Put Moctezuma under House Arrest
              • Cortes and Moctezuma Clash Over Religion and Other Values
              • Spaniards Demand Gold
              • Cortes Rallies His Small Army to Take Narvaez
              • Cortes Defeats Narvaez
              • Spaniards Destroy Idols and Set Fire to the Great Temple
              • The Death of Moctezuma
              • Spaniards Learn That the Tlaxcalans Continue to Support Them
              • La Noche Triste or The Night of Sorrows
          • Online Course in American Indian History
            • Syllabus and Description of an Online Course
            • Assessment of Web Modules in an American Indian History Course
            • Student Evaluation of Online Courses
          • Migration and the American South
            • Biography
            • Reflective Essay
            • Project Summary
            • How to Use This Case Study: A Guide for Students and Teachers
            • Migration and the Twentieth-Century South: An Overview
            • Study Questions
            • Population Statistics
            • Agricultural Statistics
            • Images of Farming
            • Business, Industry, and Government
            • Interviews
              • An Interview with Preston Mosley
              • An Interview with Ronel Cook
              • An Interview with Donna Dodson
              • An Interview with Rep. Eva Clayton
                • Soul City Today
            • Annotated Bibliography of Primary Sources
            • Acknowledgements
          • Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World
            • Reflective Essay
            • Project Summary
            • Overview
            • Life on the Land: Introduction
            • Life on the Land: Images
            • Life on the Land: Interviews
            • Life on the Land: Teaching
            • Mill Village and Factory: Introduction
            • Mill Village and Factory: Images
            • Mill Village and Factory: Interviews
            • Mill Village and Factory: Teaching
            • Work and Protest: Introduction
            • Work and Protest: Images
            • Work and Protest: Interviews
            • Work and Protest: Teaching
            • Links
          • Web Modules for Teaching American History
            • Introduction to Individual Web Projects for the US Survey
            • The United States from the Colombian Exchange to the Civil War Syllabus
            • Web Modules for the First Semester
              • The Columbian Exchange
              • Colonial Life
              • Founding Documents
              • Slavery
            • First Semester Assessment
            • The United States 1865 to the Present Syllabus
            • Web Modules for the Second Semester
              • Lynch Law and Segregation
              • The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
              • State Violence in the Twentieth Century
              • Post-World War II America
            • Second Semester Assessment
          • The United States since the Civil War
            • Reflective Essay
            • Documents for Exploration and Discussion
            • Syllabus for History 102
            • Documentary Sources Used for History 102
          • American Religions through the Civil War
            • Reflective Essay: The US Survey, 19th Century
            • Reflective Essay: American Religions
            • Project Summary
            • Religion and the Founding of the American Republic
            • American Religions to 1870 Website Visuals
          • Discovering American Social History on the Web
            • Biography
            • Reflective Essay
            • Project Summary
            • The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
            • The Anti-Saloon League
            • Mapping Suburbanization
            • Advertising and Mid-Century American Culture
            • JFK's Executive Orders and the New Frontier
            • Syllabus: United States History Since the Civil War
          • Teaching Difficult Legal or Political Concepts
            • Biography
            • Reflective Essay
            • Project Summary
            • United States History through the Civil War Syllabus
            • United States History from the Civil War to the Present Syllabus
            • The National Security Archive
            • Truman Presidential Library Digital Archives, Project WhistleStop
            • The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School
            • Western Civilization to the Renaissance Syllabus
            • Western Civilization since the Renaissance Syllabus
            • Hanover Historical Texts Project
            • Tudor England
            • 17th Century Reenacting and Living History Resources Site
            • The World War I Document Archive
            • The Versailles Treaty
            • Annotated Bibliography of Primary Sources
        • World History
        • Imperialism: European, American, and Japanese
          • Biography
          • Project Summary
          • Reflective Essay
          • What is Imperialism?
            • The Influence of Sea Power on History
          • Critiques of Imperialism
            • The Brown Man's Burden
            • Forces That Make a Nation Great
            • Edict of the Emperor Minh Mang: Hostility to Christianity (1833)
            • Tryst with Destiny
          • Imperialism in China
          • Suggestions for Further Reading and Viewing
        • Creation Stories and Epics
          • Biography
          • Reflective Essay
          • Project Summary
          • Introduction
          • The Epic of Gilgamesh
          • Genesis
          • Popol Vuh
          • Other Creation Stories and Ancient History Links
        • Social Science Laboratories via the Web: Active Learning with Data
          • Project Summary
          • Reflective Essay
          • Content Analysis Process
          • Student-Generated Charts
          • Demographic Charts using Infonation and Microsoft Excel
          • Contemporary World since 1945 Syllabus
        • The World History Survey: Visual Literacy and Associative Thought
          • Reflective Essay
          • Teaching Visual Literacy
          • Comparing Visual with Textual Primary Sources
          • Teaching Associative Thought
          • How to Prepare Visual Primary Sources
          • How to Prepare Textual Primary Sources
          • Examples of Islamic Medieval Art
            • Leaf from a Qur'an Manuscript
            • Happiness Bowl
            • Elephant Clock
            • Mihrab
            • Mosque Lamp
            • Phoenix Tile
            • Zodiac Bowl
          • Examples of European Medieval Art
            • Bust of Marie de France
            • Chasse of Champagnat
            • Column Figure of the Nimbed King
            • Leaf from a Missal
            • Processional Cross
            • Saint Jerome in His Study
            • Scenes from the Passion
          • Visual Primary Sources, Exercise 1
          • Visual Primary Sources, Exercise 2
          • Keywords
          • History 110B-01: World Civilizations II Syllabus
        • World Civilizations: The Ancient Period to 500 CE
          • Biography
          • Reflective Essay
          • Project Summary
          • History of World Civilizations: Ancient Period Syllabus
          • Teaching and Assessing the 'Doing World History' Method in the World History Survey
          • Introduction to Doing World History
          • Suggestions for Preparing Notebook Entries Using 'Doing World History'
          • Student Work: Common Phenomena
          • Directed Reading Questions: Odyssey, Ramayana, and Analects
          • Annotated Bibliography
        • Through the Lens of History: Biafra, Nigeria, the West and the World
          • Biography
          • Reflective Essay
          • Annotated Bibliography
          • Annotated Listing of Site Materials
          • Why Study about Biafra?
            • The Lens of History
            • Current Events in Nigeria: The Debate over Sharia (Law)
            • False, Dry, Boring Ideas about History
            • Critique of Western Attitudes and Understandings of Events in Africa
          • The Republic of Biafra
            • Biafra: From First Coup to Final Defeat
            • Current City Map of Nigeria
            • Location of Nigerian Ethnic Groups
            • Nigeria: Four Regions at the Time of Independence
            • Map of Nigeria, 1996
            • Oil Revenue in Nigeria
            • The Biafran National Anthem
            • Letters to the Editor on the Biafran Question
            • Biafran Declaration of Independence
            • "The Dawn of National Reconciliation"
            • Global Concerns about Biafran Secession
              • Charles DeGaulle Supports Biafra
              • Statement by Margery Perham
              • Statements of European Religious Leaders
              • Biafran Propaganda to Influence World Opinion
            • A Pro-Biafra Statement of Causes
          • The First Nigerian Republic: Formation and Operation
            • Manifesto to the United Nations
            • Nnamdi Azikiwe
            • A Northern Nigerian Call for Independence
            • Igbo Market Literature
          • The Colonial and Pre-Colonial Eras in Nigeria
            • The Pan-African Movement
            • Indirect Rule in Theory and Practice
            • England's Indirect Rule in Its African Colonies
            • The French Argument for Direct Rule
            • The Womens Market Rebellion of 1929
            • The Corrupting Influences of the West
            • Igbo Village Democracy
            • An Outsider's View of the Igbo People (1840)
            • Slavery among the Igbo
            • "The White Man's Burden"
          • Slavery--The European Impact
          • Echoes of the Biafran Era in Nigeria Today
          • The Structure and Operation of This Unit
          • Unit Goals and Suggestions for Evaluation
          • Why Was This Unit Created?
          • Biafra on the Internet
          • Background Readings
        • Images of Power: Art as an Historiographic Tool
          • Reflective Essay
          • Rhinoceros
          • Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
          • Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi
          • Palette of King Narmer
          • Khafre
          • Temple of Ramses II
          • Akhenaton
          • Augustus Caesar
          • Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
          • Christ as the Good Shepherd
          • Annotated List of Primary Sources
          • Syllabus
        • Linking Family History and World History
          • Biography
          • Bridging the Digital Divide
          • Project Summary
          • Note to Instructors
          • Photoanalysis of a Family Photograph
          • Finding the Historical Context for the Family Photograph
          • Sephardic Jews and Their History
          • Monastir
          • The Ladino Language
          • Sara's Story
          • Jacob's Story
          • Morris's Story
          • Clara's Story
          • Photoanalysis of the Marriage Photograph
          • How This Family History Project Has Been Researched
          • Connections to World History
        • Did the Sans-Culottes Wear Nikes? The Impact of Electronic Media on the Understanding and Teaching of History
        • Links for the AHA Teaching and Learning Project
      • Sixteen Months to Sumter
        • Chronology
        • Location Index
        • Newspaper Index
          • Akron Summit County Beacon
            • Should There Be Any Further Compromise with Slavery?
          • Albany Atlas and Argus
            • What Ought the South to Do?
            • Division Is Dissolution
            • The Great Issue and the Choice—Separation or War
            • President Lincoln's Inaugural
            • The First Gun!
          • Albany Evening Journal
            • The Inaugural Message
            • The Sepoys of Montgomery
            • Worth All It Costs
          • Allentown Democrat
            • Fearful and Perilous Times
          • Augusta Daily Chronicle and Sentinel
            • The Constitutional Union Party
            • Failure of the Southern Conference
            • The Washington Abortion
            • How Far Are We Apart?
            • The Crisis
            • Difficulties and Dangers
          • Augusta Daily Constitutionalist
            • The State of the Union
            • What Should Georgia Do?
            • The Argument Is Exhausted
            • Disunion
          • Augusta Kennebec Journal
            • Another Mode of Settling the South Carolina Difficulty
          • Aurora Beacon
            • The Wheeling Convention and the Regeneration of Virginia
          • Bangor Daily Evening Times
            • The Grand Uprising
            • One Insult to Be Wiped Out
          • Bangor Daily Union
            • Secession
          • Bedford Gazette
            • Civil War
          • Bellefontaine Republican
            • War in the Event of Secession
          • Boston Daily Advertiser
            • The President's Message
            • The Committee of Thirty-Three
            • President Davis’s Inaugural
            • Reconstruction by General Secession
            • Peaceable Separation Rejected by the Confederate States
          • Boston Daily Atlas and Bee
            • Secession, the Folly of the Hour
            • Payment of Southern Debts to the North
            • Disunion and Compromise
            • President Lincoln's Inaugural
          • Boston Daily Courier
            • Position of the Black Race
            • Practically, the Question of Slavery in the Territories
            • What Shall Massachusetts Do for Herself?
            • The True Policy
            • Capt. Fox and Fort Sumter
            • The Policy
          • Boston Daily Journal
            • After Secession
          • Boston Daily Post
            • Shall the Union Stand upon a Basis of Moral Obligation or of Physical Force?
            • The Reaction--The Union
            • Stand by the Flag
          • Boston Daily Traveller
            • The Right of Secession
            • Secession Not Favorable to the Luxury of Safe Violence
            • Spain, Mexico, and the Southern Confederacy
          • Boston Evening Transcript
            • The Pulpit and the War
          • Boston Herald
            • James Buchanan
            • Fort Sumter Surrendered
            • The Ashes of Washington Stolen!
          • Boston and New York Pine and Palm
            • The Pine and Palm
          • Boston Saturday Evening Gazette
            • The Benefits of War
          • Brooklyn Daily Eagle
            • The Commotion at the South
            • The Setting Sun
            • Civil War and Its Consequences
          • Bucyrus Weekly Journal
            • Secession in a New Spot
          • Buffalo Commercial Advertiser
            • The American Question
            • Incendiary Newspapers
            • Chapter 1
            • Maury
            • The Procession of Nations
          • Buffalo Daily Courier
            • The President's Message
            • The Executive of the New Confederacy
            • The Fort Sumter Problem
            • The Bright Side
          • Buffalo Morning Express
            • Mouth of the Mississippi
            • Northern Blood Begins to Warm
            • A Delightful Change
            • The Justice of Retribution
          • Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye
            • The Mississippi River
          • Burlington Daily Times
            • Abraham Lincoln
            • Are We One People?
          • Burlington Weekly Sentinel
            • Secession
          • Camden Democrat
            • What Shall New Jersey Do?
          • Cannelton Reporter
            • Indiana Wants Peace
          • Canton Stark County Democrat
            • A Disrupted Union
          • Charleston Kanawha Valley Star
            • The Position of Western Virginia
          • Charleston Mercury
            • The Territorial Rights of the South "Barren Abstractions"--No Territory
            • Virginia Refuses to Confer with Her Southern Sister States
            • South and North
            • The Democratic Party
            • The New Compromise--Grand "Ultimatum of the South"
            • The Richmond Enquirer and the Richmond Convention
            • National Conventions
            • The Union
            • The Presidential Election and Union Savers
            • The Terrors of Submission
            • What Shall the South Carolina Legislature Do?
            • Delay
          • Charlestown Advertiser
            • British Sympathies
            • Utopian Dreams of the Secessionists of the South West
          • Charlottesville Review
            • A General Survey
            • Coercion
            • The Convention
            • The War of Revenge
          • Chatfield Republican
            • Roll Up the Curtain and Let the Dance Begin
          • Chicago Daily Democrat
            • The Era of Liberty
            • The Great Battle
          • Chicago Daily Journal
            • Our Country's Crisis and Danger
          • Chicago Daily Post
            • The First Act of Illegal Violence
            • What Is It All About?
          • Chicago Daily Tribune
            • A Comparison of Forces
            • Southern Atrocities upon Northern Men
            • The Mouth of the Mississippi
            • Timely Warning
            • Navigation of the Mississippi
            • In the Future
          • Chicago Times
            • Do It with Your Eyes Open
            • What Is to Be Done?
            • The Union Must Be Saved
            • Value of the Union
            • Southern Outrages
            • Civil War
            • The Border States
            • The Duty
            • Jefferson Davis
            • Is It So?
          • Cincinnati Daily Commercial
            • The South and a Republican Administration
            • Shall We Govern Ourselves?
            • The Right of Secession
            • America, or Austria?
            • The Mouth of the Mississippi
            • The Course of Western Commerce
            • The Niggerism of the Secession Movement
            • The State of the Country
            • A Few Words to the Opponents of "Coercion"
            • What We Have at Stake in the Struggle
            • The Western Virginia Convention--The Result and the Prospect
          • Cincinnati Daily Enquirer
            • President’s Message--Its Illogical and Inconsistent Propositions
            • Lincoln's Knowledge of the Crisis
            • The Commercial Interests of the West
            • Letter to Hon. Abraham Lincoln
            • Kentucky and the Union
            • The Last Peaceful Resort
          • Cincinnati Daily Gazette
            • Secession and Mississippi Navigation
            • Kentucky as a Mediator
          • Cincinnati Daily Press
            • The Right of Peaceable Secession
            • The Effect of a Peaceable Separation on Trade
          • Cincinnati Daily Times
            • John Bell Deceased
            • The Mystery of the Secret Session
          • Circleville Watchman
            • Secession
          • Cleveland Daily National Democrat
            • The Union--Its Danger
            • Of What Use Is the South to Us?
          • Cleveland Daily Plain Dealer
            • Popular Misapprehensions
            • What Slave States May Secede
            • South Carolina Out of the Union
          • Cleveland Morning Leader
            • Navigation of the Mississippi
          • Columbia Daily South Carolinian
            • The Charleston Convention and Its Consequences
            • The Presidential Election--Its Probable Result--Its Moral Influence
            • What True Conservatism Demands of the South
          • Columbus Crisis
            • Free Negroes from Virginia
          • Columbus Daily Capital City Fact
            • The Order of the Day--The Presidency
            • "Men Change--Principles Never"
            • The Inaugural
            • Have We a Government?
            • The War Commenced!
            • The South
          • Columbus Daily Ohio State Journal
            • Forbearance Has Ceased to Be a Virtue
            • Chivalry
          • Columbus Daily Ohio Statesman
            • Free and Slave Labor
            • Shall the Border Slave States Be Retained in the Union?
            • The Sowers of Discord
          • Columbus Gazette
            • The Struggle
          • Concord Democratic Standard
            • The Equality of the States, and the Equality of White Men
            • The Union--Its Danger--How Shall It Be Preserved?
            • Our Position
          • Constantine Weekly Mercury and St. Joseph County Advertiser
            • Bound to Have a Fight
          • Davenport Daily Gazette
            • Southern Treatment of Northern Citizens
          • Davenport Democrat and News
            • The Right to Secede
          • Dawson's Fort Wayne Daily Times
            • Sensation--Coercion--The Press
          • Dayton Daily Journal
            • Lying by Telegraph
          • Des Moines Iowa State Journal
            • Our Experiment
          • Des Moines Iowa State Register
            • The President on the Crisis
            • Disunion Is Death to Slavery
            • The Effort to Avoid War
          • Detroit Daily Advertiser
            • Blood Will Tell
          • Detroit Daily Tribune
            • The Inaugural Address
            • Revenge Not the Motive
            • The Late Senator Douglas
          • Detroit Free Press
            • The President's Message
            • The Southern Confederacy--Its Recognition or Nonrecognition
            • Rumored Armistices
            • Shall We Be Prepared?
            • Jefferson Davis
            • Douglas
          • Dubuque Daily Times
            • This Is an Enlightened Age
            • A Religious Army
          • Dubuque Herald
            • Can a State Constitutionally Secede?
            • Relations of the West to the Southern Confederacy
            • Policy of the Administration towards the Secessionists
            • Policy of the Administration
            • True Patriotism
          • Easton Argus
            • A Glance at the Probable Future
          • Easton Daily Evening Express
            • Is American Republicanism a Failure?
          • Elkhorn Independent
            • War Is Upon Us!
          • Erie Weekly Gazette
            • Admonitory
            • Aroused and United
          • Evansville Daily Journal
            • Crittenden Compromise vs. Popular Sovereignty
            • Navigation of the Mississippi
            • The Hand of Providence Visible
          • Florence Gazette
            • Our Position
          • Gallatin Examiner
            • If The Union Is Saved the North Must Save It
          • Grand Rapids Daily Enquirer
            • A National Convention
            • The Impending Contest
          • Greenfield Gazette and Courier
            • Peaceable Secession
          • Guttenberg Mississippi Valley Register
            • A Republican Government
          • Hamilton Telegraph
            • Problem of Slavery
          • Harrisburg Daily Patriot and Union
            • The President's Message
            • The Question of Force
            • The President Elect and His Political Exhibitions
          • Harrisburg Daily Telegraph
            • The Position of Pennsylvania
          • Hartford Daily Courant
            • The Right of Coercion
            • The New Confederacy
          • Hartford Daily Times
            • The Black Day
          • Hartford Evening Press
            • To Candid Democrats
            • What Can You Do?
            • Exit J. B.
          • Henderson Weekly Democrat
            • President Buchanan
          • Indianapolis Daily Journal
            • Dissolution and Self-Government
            • The Future of Slavery
            • Done at Last--What Shall We Do?
            • The State of the Case Now
            • The Inaugural
            • War
            • Subjugating the South
            • Swift and Short War
          • Indianapolis Indiana American
            • Will There Be Disunion?
          • Indianapolis Daily State Sentinel
            • The Voice of Warning
            • The Impending Crisis
            • The Position of the Border States
          • Ithaca American Citizen
            • Is Slavery Sin?
          • Jersey City American Standard
            • The Inaugural of Mr. Lincoln
            • The American Cain
            • The Censorship of the Telegraph
            • Southern Misapprehensions Corrected
            • Moral or Religious Operation of War
          • Jersey City Daily Courier and Advertiser
            • The Message
          • Joliet Signal
            • The War
          • Kenosha Democrat
            • Dissolution
            • War
          • Kentucky Statesman
            • The Contest of 1860
            • False Gratulations
            • An Appeal to Non-Slaveholders
            • Submit to the Constitution
            • A Plea for the Union
            • The Force Policy
            • The Last Hope of the Union
          • Lancaster Daily Evening Express
            • The Licentiousness of Party
          • Lancaster Examiner and Herald
            • Mr. Buchanan's Reception
          • Lancaster Intelligencer
            • False and Exaggerated Statements
          • Leavenworth Daily Times
            • Congress
            • The Census--Admission of Kansas
            • Democracy?
            • The Power of Congress over the Internal Affairs of Territories
            • The Charleston Convention
            • Ready for the Conflict
            • A Break Up--Adjournment to Baltimore
            • The Constitutional Union Convention
            • Lincoln Nominated!
            • The Democratic Nominations
            • The Wrongs of Kansas
            • The Antagonism of Parties
            • Wide-Awake
            • Mr. Douglas--The Homestead Bill
            • The Victory Is Ours!
            • Disunion--Is There Danger of It?
            • A New "Compromise"
            • Hostilities Commenced
            • The Washington Convention
            • Give Thanks
            • Appointments in the South
            • Virginia
          • Louisville Daily Courier
            • A Consistent Democracy
            • Lincoln and Douglas
            • The Delegations from the Seceding States at Baltimore
            • The Position of the Cotton States
            • South Carolina
            • They Ask Us to Wait
            • He Means Coercion
            • What We Have Gained by Delay
            • The Action of the Government and the Position of Kentucky
          • Louisville Daily Journal
            • The Condition of Affairs
            • Mr. Lincoln--Mr. Seward's Speech
            • Vote against Sectionalism
            • What Is the Peril?
            • Border State Convention
            • A National Convention
            • Disunion the Necessary Antecedent of Abolition
            • Republican Policy
            • The Commission to Washington
          • Lowell Daily Journal and Courier
            • Policy of the Political Parties
          • Lynn Weekly Reporter
            • Bogus News
          • Madison Daily Argus and Democrat
            • The Abolition of Slavery the Only End of This War
          • Madison Wisconsin Daily Patriot
            • Is All Hope Lost?
            • Let Them Perish by the Sword!
            • Blood Is Demanded
          • Madison Wisconsin Daily State Journal
            • The Secession Theory
            • Cui Bono?
          • Manchester Union Democrat
            • "Let Them Go!"
          • Manhattan City Western Kansas Express
            • A Prevalent Idea
          • Martinsburg Virginia Republican
            • The Rights of the People--Workingmen and Their Interests
          • Milwaukee Daily People's Press
            • A Pacific Confederacy
          • Milwaukee Daily Press and News
            • Compromises with Slavery
            • Is This Treason?
            • Telegraphic Despatches
          • Milwaukee Daily Sentinel
            • The Policy of Republicans
            • The Free Navigation of the Mississippi
          • Milwaukee Daily Wisconsin
            • Obstructing the Mississippi
            • The Policy of the Administration
            • The Question of Time with the Disaffected
          • Montgomery Daily Post
            • The Proposed Settlement
          • Montgomery Weekly Confederation
            • Shall We Be Represented in Baltimore?
            • The True Policy Everywhere--No Fusion
          • Montgomery Weekly Post
            • The Effect of the Doctrine of Reconstruction
          • Montpelier Daily Green Mountain Freeman
            • Southern Repudiation of Debts Due the North
            • Why Not Let Them Go in Peace?
          • Montpelier Vermont Watchman and State Journal
            • What Is Our Government Worth?
          • Muscatine Daily Review
            • The Corruption of the Press
          • Muncie Eastern Indiana Courant
            • Party Policy
          • Nashville Daily Patriot
            • The Country Wants Peace, and the Country Must Have Peace
            • Something for All Patriots to Read and Ponder
            • To the Friends of the Constitution and the Union
            • Stop and Think--What Is Secession?
            • The Progress of the Presidents
            • Tennessee and the War Question
            • The Progress of Revolution--The Duty of Tennessee
          • Nashville Republican Banner
            • The Position of the Southern Opposition
            • Are We Ready for Revolution?
            • The Crittenden Compromise
            • Disunion the Doom of Slavery
            • What Is Coercion?
            • Action of the Legislature--Action of the People
          • Nashville Union and American
            • The Tennessee Platform
            • The Prospects
            • Moral of the October Elections
            • The Remedy
            • Action! Action!! Tennesseans to the Rescue of Tennessee
          • New Albany Daily Ledger
            • What Is to Be Our Destiny?
            • Words for Peace
          • New Hampshire Patriot and State Gazette
            • War Exists!
            • The Object of the War
          • New Haven Daily Palladium
            • Law or No Law
            • Southern Chivalry
          • New Haven Daily Register
            • Northern Interests
          • New Haven Morning Journal and Courier
            • The Message
          • New Orleans Bee
            • A Bad Sign
            • Causes and Effects
            • Theory and Practice
            • The Chicago Nomination
            • Political Probabilities
            • Disappointed
            • What Shall Be Done?
            • The True Policy
            • Signs of the Times
            • Are They Blind?
            • The Reason Why
            • The President and the Union
            • Vain Hopes
            • Public Sentiment
            • A Possible Future
            • Co-Operation
            • South Carolina and Her Sisters of the South
            • Prospect of Conciliation
            • Seward on the Crisis
            • Northern Sentiment
            • The Peace Congress
            • Lincoln's Position
            • The War
          • New Orleans Daily Crescent
            • The Northern Delusion
            • Political Affairs North
            • Sumner's Statistics
            • The President-Elect
            • The Constitution--The Union--The Laws
            • Mr. Douglas' Letter
            • The Policy of Silence
            • Meeting of Congress
            • The President's Message
            • The Union-Saving Committee
            • The Policy of Aggression
            • An Eventful Day
            • The Times Change
            • The Difference
            • The Northern President
          • New Orleans Daily Delta
            • The Attitude of the South
            • What We Have to Look For
            • The Moderation of Tyranny
            • The Border Slave States and Their Slaves
            • Lo! The Conquering Hero Comes
            • Duplicity of Lincoln and His Instruments
          • New Orleans Daily Picayune
            • Secession
            • What Is the True Issue?
            • New Lines of Sectionalism
            • What Co-Operation Is
            • Fundamental Principles Involved
            • Capture of the Southern Forts
            • Mr. Seward
            • The Border State Conferences
            • The Times and Their Requirements
            • Border Press--Reconstruction
          • New Orleans Daily True Delta
            • The True Remedies
            • The True Issue
            • The Fusion Cheat
            • The Elections
            • Cheap Self Government
            • It Is the First Step Which Costs
            • Regard All the Consequences
            • The Congressional Committee
            • Is There a Mode of Settlement?
            • The Grave Mistake
            • A Dangerous Mistake
          • New York Commercial Advertiser
            • Civil War and Life Insurance
          • New York Daily News
            • The Right of States to Secede
            • The Separation of New York City from the State
            • Louisiana and the Mississippi
            • "No Compromise"
            • The Highest Status of the Negro
            • A Big Liar Gagged
            • The Duty of the Commercial Community of the North at the Present Time
            • Is Peaceable Secession Out of the Question?
          • New York Daily Tribune
            • The American Experiment
            • The Southern Grievance
            • The Strength of Secession
            • The Right of Secession
            • The Attitude of the North
            • The Only Possible Compromise
            • Self-Government
            • Shall We Have a Federal Union?
            • Mr. Lincoln's Address
            • The Border States
            • Free Institutions on Trial
            • An Obsolete Idea
            • The War and Slavery
            • Our Foreign Relations
            • Senator Mason
          • New York Evening Day-Book
            • Dipping Up the Atlantic with a Spoon
            • Deluding the People
            • The Telegraph Disabled
          • New York Evening Post
            • Peaceable Secession an Absurdity
            • The War on the Mississippi
            • The Two Presidents
            • What Shall Be Done for a Revenue?
            • Fort Sumter
          • New York Herald
            • Our Historic Developement
            • The Decisive Battle Near at Hand--The Belligerents and the Prospect
            • The President's Message--The State of the Union
            • Coercion or Conciliation?
            • The Free Confederacy of the North
            • Will the People of the North Permit Coercion?
            • Nigger Worship and Its Consequences
            • Probable Commencement of the Civil War at Last
            • The Salutary Effects of the War
            • Republican Journalism--Its Brutal and Bloodthirsty Character
            • Signs of an Impending Puritan Outbreak in England
          • New York Journal of Commerce
            • The Negro Race
            • The Remedy for Existing Evils
            • Mayor Wood's Message--Proposal to Separate the City from the State
            • Let Us Reason Together
            • President Lincoln's Inaugural Message
            • The War Spirit
            • "A Mission of Humanity"
            • The Position of Northern Conservatives
            • The Relations between England and the United States
            • The Value of a Leader
            • Effect of the War upon Moral and Material Improvement
            • Action and Reaction
          • New York Morning Courier and Enquirer
            • God's Purposes in the Union of the States
            • The President Elect
            • A Prospect for Peace
          • New York Times
            • The Commercial Relations between the North and South
            • Shall We Have Mexico!
            • The Union and Slavery--Suggestions for a Southern Policy
            • The Future of Secession
            • Wanted--A Policy!
            • The Fall of Sumpter
            • The People and the Issue!
            • Not a War against the South
            • Western Virginia to Form a New State
          • New York World
            • Newspaper Provocations
            • How to Secede
            • Objects of the War
          • Newark Daily Advertiser
            • Mischief of Sensation Reports
            • Where There's a Will There's a Way
            • The Morrill Tariff
            • The Tragedy Begun
          • Newark Daily Mercury
            • Affairs at Washington--The Subject of Compromises
            • A Policy Wanted
            • Secession and the English Government
            • A Blessing in Disguise?
          • Newark Evening Journal
            • The War Men at Home
          • Newburyport Daily Herald
            • The State of the Country
            • The Decision Made
            • Will the Union Be Preserved?
          • Newport Advertiser
            • Northern Error as to the Character and Necessary Permanence of Negro Slavery
          • Newport Mercury
            • Is Self-Government on Trial?
          • Niles Republican
            • Rotten Foundation
          • Norristown Register and Montgomery Democrat and Watchman
            • Whither Shall Pennsylvania Go?
          • Oshkosh Northwestern
            • An Argument Examined
          • Paris Oxford Democrat
            • The Effect of the Present Revolution upon Slavery in the United States
            • The Morality of the Cotton Confederacy
          • Paterson Daily Guardian
            • Judas at the Head
          • Peoria Daily Democratic Union
            • An Appeal to Southern Honor and to Southern Common Sense
            • The Inaugural Address
          • Peoria Daily Transcript
            • The Secession Labyrinth
            • The Treachery of Virginia
            • Northern Homage to Southern Humbug
          • Philadelphia Daily Evening Bulletin
            • The Duty of the Government and People
            • War
          • Philadelphia Daily News
            • Negro Emigration--Hayti
            • The Issue and Its Results
          • Philadelphia Evening Journal
            • Mr. Lincoln's Inaugural
          • Philadelphia Inquirer
            • Davis on the Cotton Confederacy
            • Adjustment, Compromise, Concession
            • The Great Controversy--Its Settlement
            • The Great Issue, and How to Melt It
            • The Solemnity of the Spectacle
          • Philadelphia Morning Pennsylvanian
            • The Message
            • The Telegraph--Its Abuses
            • The Reason Why
            • Two Inaugurations--Two Republics--Two Presidents
            • Ex-President Buchanan's Return to Wheatland
            • A Basis of Settlement--The Montgomery Constitution
          • Philadelphia North American and United States Gazette
            • Victory and Its Consequences
            • The Indissoluble Union
            • The Message
            • The Commercial Results of Secession
            • Lawlessness on a Gigantic Scale
            • General Scott
            • Military Virtues
            • Maryland
            • John Bull and Jonathan
          • Philadelphia Press
            • The Practical Difficulties of Secession
            • What Is to Be Done?
            • Secession and the Revenue Laws
            • King Cotton
            • A National Convention
            • The Public Feeling
            • Northwestern Virginia
          • Philadelphia Public Ledger
            • The Question of the Day
            • What Shall Be Done for Them?
            • What Are We Fighting For?
          • Philadelphia Sunday Dispatch
            • Humiliation
          • Pittsburgh Daily Gazette
            • Who Shall Rule?
            • The Disunion Rant
            • Let the People Arm
            • How It Was Done
          • Pittsburgh Evening Chronicle
            • Blockade of the Mississippi Withdrawn
          • Pittsburgh Post
            • Northern Disunionists
            • Peace or War
            • Effects of Repealing the Tariff
            • The War Begun--The Duty of American Citizens
          • Portland Daily Advertiser
            • The Mississippi
            • Stephen Arnold Douglas
          • Portland Eastern Argus
            • A Glance at the Future
            • President Lincoln's War
            • A Lament for the Dead!
          • Pottsville Miners' Journal and General Advertiser
            • A Firm Position
          • Providence Daily Journal
            • Lies
            • The Propositions of the Washington Convention
            • Young Men!
            • The Amenities of the War
          • Providence Daily Post
            • The Folly of Secession
            • The People, the States, and the Union
            • The Everlasting Negro
            • The Retiring Administration
            • What Does He Mean?
            • Why?
            • Western Virginia
          • Providence Evening Press
            • Justice Applied to Slavery
            • State Rights and the Constitution
            • The Crisis of the Crisis
            • The Spirit of War
            • Neutrality Impossible
          • Quincy Daily Whig and Republican
            • Last Message of the O. P. F.
            • The Treason and the Traitors
            • The Attitude of England
            • Is Democracy a Failure?
          • Raleigh North Carolina Standard
            • A Constitutional Union
            • Disunion for Existing Causes
            • Civil War Will Be Abolition
            • Mr. Lincoln's Inaugural
            • The Border States Must Unite and Act!
          • Reading Berks and Schuylkill Journal
            • The Great Question
          • Richmond Dispatch
            • The Inaugural
          • Richmond Enquirer
            • Where We Stand
            • The Charleston Mercury and the Richmond Convention
            • The Cry of Disunion
            • The President's Message
            • Negotiation--Not Legislation
            • The Federal Commissioners
            • The Crittenden Amendment
            • The Declaration of War
          • Richmond Semi-weekly Examiner
            • The Law which Controls
            • A Southern Conference
            • The Appointments of the "Conservative, Old Line Whig," Black Republican Speaker
            • Shall the South Be United?
            • State of Parties in the Union
            • The Address of Nineteen Members of Congress
            • Harmonize the Democracy
            • The Result of Unwise Action
            • False Issues on Which It Is Sought to Rest the Canvass for the Presidency
            • The Election Returns
            • The Policy of the Southern States
            • The Effect of the Meeting of Congress
            • Hopes Doomed to Disappointment
          • Richmond Whig and Public Advertiser
            • New Constitutional Guarantees
            • Passage of the Homestead Bill
          • Rochester Daily Union and Advertiser
            • The Crittenden Compromise
            • Why We Must Fight and Why We Must "Conquer the South"
          • Rockford Register
            • The Ethics of Our Political Faith
            • The Moral of the War
          • Rockford Republican
            • Let Us Crush out Treason, or Perish in the Attempt!!
          • Roxbury Norfolk County Journal
            • What We Are Fighting For
            • Virginia
          • Salem Washington Democrat
            • War Begun
          • San Francisco Daily Alta California
            • The Senatorial Contest
            • The News
            • The Crusade against the Union
            • The Union of These States
            • The News
            • Uncertainty of Our National Policy
            • The Shallowness of Political Professions
            • The Nominations
            • The Causes of Our National Demoralization
            • Cotton Will Bind the Union
            • Population--Census Reflections
            • Election News
            • The Contest Decided
            • The Federal Homestead Bill
            • Union and Disunion
            • The Election of Lincoln
            • The Contradictions of the President's Message
            • A Great Central Confederacy
            • The Union Sentiment of California
            • South Carolina and Secession
            • General View of Matters
            • The Inaugural of the New President
            • The Cotton States
          • Sandusky Daily Commercial Register
            • Newspaper Topics!
            • The Sacrifice Demanded
          • Savannah Republican
            • Are They Disgusted, or Afraid?
          • Sioux City Register
            • Secession
          • Springfield Daily Illinois State Journal
            • The Union, It Must Be Preserved
            • The Propositions of Virginia
            • The Incoming Administration
            • Lincoln's Inaugural Address
            • Disunion Triumphant in St. Louis
            • The Power of the President
          • Springfield Daily Illinois State Register
            • The Difference between the Two Parties
            • The Virginia Proposition--A Rampant Majority
          • Springfield Daily Republican
            • The Last Struggle of Slavery
            • The Anti-Coercion Delusion
            • The Possible Alternative
            • War as a Means of Grace
            • Revenge in Warfare
          • St. Clairsville Gazette and Citizen
            • War Is Disunion
          • St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican
            • To A. Lincoln, President-Elect of the United States
            • To A. Lincoln, President-Elect of the United States 2
            • Mr. Lincoln's Speeches
            • President's Proclamation--Despotism
          • St. Paul Daily Minnesotian
            • What It All Means
          • St. Paul Daily Press
            • The Age of Brass
          • Syracuse Daily Courier and Union
            • "No Compromise!"
            • Negro Mania
            • Where Is the Statesman for the Times?
            • Religion and Politics
          • Trenton Daily State Gazette and Republican
            • The Right of Secession
          • Trenton Daily True American
            • The Question of Coercion
            • The War Commenced--Where Is It to End?
          • Troy Daily Arena
            • New York as a Nation
            • Controlling the Mississippi
          • Troy Daily Times
            • Central Confederacy
            • A Question Settling Itself
          • Troy Daily Whig
            • The Demand for Civil War
          • Utica Daily Observer
            • The President's Message
            • The Missouri Compromise Line
          • Utica Morning Herald and Daily Gazette
            • An Architect of Ruin?
            • Mr. Seward as Premier
            • The Inaugural of "President" Davis
          • Vicksburg Daily Whig
            • Southern Policy
          • Wabash Plain Dealer
            • The Wrong Argument
          • Washington Confederation
            • A Bad Man
          • Washington Constitution
            • The Danger a Reality
            • To the Readers of the Constitution
          • Washington Daily National Intelligencer
            • The Past, the Present, and the Future
            • What of the Night?
          • Washington National Republican
            • Secession--How Can It Be Accomplished?
            • The Progress of Disunion Sentiments
            • Duty of Union Men in the Border Slave States
            • Virginia, Slavery, and Disunion
          • Washington Reporter and Tribune
            • The War and the Sabbath
          • Washington States and Union
            • A Plain View of Slavery
            • Shall We Have a Decided Policy?
            • The Independence of the Confederate States
            • President Lincoln's Proclamation
          • Wellsburg Herald
            • The Virginia Legislature
            • Secession & Coercion Brought Home
          • Weston Herald
            • The Crisis
          • Wheeling Daily Intelligencer
            • The Test of Self-Government
            • The Division of Virginia
            • What Is Meant by "Getting Our Rights"
            • Our Geographical Position
            • A Word to the Northwest
            • The Division of the State
          • Wilkes-Barre Luzerne Union
            • What of the Night?
            • The War Has Come!
          • Wilmington Daily Herald
            • A Few Reflections on Secession
            • A Few Reflections on Coercion
            • Virginia and the Peace Conference
          • Wilmington Journal
            • The Convention
          • Worcester Palladium
            • The Carolina War
            • War on the Mississippi
          • Worcester Daily Transcript
            • Taney
        • Introductions to Secession Editorial Series
        • Reviews of Secession Editorial Series
      • History and Policy Education Program
      • Reacting to the Past
    • Online Teaching Resources
      • AHA Online Teaching Forum
    • History Gateways
      • About History Gateways
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        • Webinars on Introductory History Courses
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    • Annual Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses
      • Resources from the 2015 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses
        • Gerald Betty Texas Tuning Reflection
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      • Resources from the 2016 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses
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      • 2017 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses
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        • 2018 Texas Conference Program
        • Plagued by Doubt: Uncertainty as History's Pedagogy
        • Rethinking the US History Survey
        • Gamification in the History Classroom
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      • 2019 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses
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    • Globalizing the US History Survey
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      • Past Events
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      • 2013 History Discipline Core
      • Tuning Participants
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        • Daniel Graff
        • Denis Gainty
        • Douglas Catterall
        • Elaine Carey
        • Elizabeth Dachowski
        • Elizabeth Lehfeldt
        • Emily Tai
        • Eric Platt
        • Faith Paul
        • Gayle Fischer
        • Gladys Frantz-Murphy
        • Gregory Nobles
        • Jamie Bronstein
        • John Bezis-Selfa
        • John Savagian
        • Jonathan Dresner
        • Josh Ashenmiller
        • Juliana Barr
        • Julie Gibert
        • Kate Lang
        • Kay McAdams
        • Keith Erekson
        • Kenneth Nivison
        • Kevin Reilly
        • Laura Dull
        • Lauren Braun-Strumfels
        • Leah Shopkow
        • Linda Salvucci
        • Maureen Nutting
        • Michael Galgano
        • Michael Lang
        • Michael Lansing
        • Patricia Limerick
        • Reginald Ellis
        • Robert Flynn
        • Robert Morrow
        • Sara Haviland
        • Sarah Shurts
        • Steven Usselman
        • Teresa Blue Holden
        • Timothy Kelly
        • Tracy Neal Leavelle
    • Future of the African American Past
    • Digital History Resources
      • Resources for Getting Started in Digital History
        • Getting Started in Digital History: Pedagogy in the Time of COVID
        • Getting Started in Digital History 2019
        • Getting Started in Digital History 2018
        • Getting Started in Digital History 2017
        • Getting Started in Digital History 2016
        • Getting Started in Digital History 2015
      • Evaluation of Digital Scholarship in History
        • Guidelines for the Professional Evaluation of Digital Scholarship by Historians
      • Digital History Glossary
      • Project Roles and a Consideration of Process and Product
    • Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty
      • Final Report on Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty
    • Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education
  • Jobs & Professional Development
    • AHA Career Center
    • Post a Job
    • Career Diversity for Historians
      • About Career Diversity
        • Career Diversity Pilot Programs
          • University of Chicago
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            • Call for Applications
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          • 2021 Career Diversity for Historians Faculty Institute
      • Career Diversity Data
      • Personal Narratives
      • Career Diversity Faculty Resources
        • Faculty Resources for Developing Intellectual Self-Confidence
        • Faculty Resources for Developing Communication Skills
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      • Resources for Students and Early Career Professionals
    • Career Resources
      • AHA Career Contacts
      • Five Skills
        • Communication
        • Collaboration
        • Quantitative Literacy
        • Intellectual Self-Confidence
        • Digital Literacy
      • Careers for Students of History
        • Careers for Students of History: Introduction
        • Historians in Classrooms: Schools, Colleges, and Universities
          • Kathleen Cochrane Kean
          • Nadine Ishitani Hata
          • Eric Foner
        • Historians in Museums
          • Amy Wilson
          • Spencer Crew
        • Historians in Editing and Publishing
          • Thomas Thurston
          • Martha J. King
        • Historians in Archives
          • Jelain Chubb
          • Greg Bradsher
          • Philip F. Mooney
        • Historians in Historic Preservation
          • Daniel J. Vivian
          • Arthur R. Gomez
        • Historians in Federal, State, and Local History
          • Jamil Zainaldin
          • Lee Formwalt
          • Dee Harris
          • Betty K. Koed
        • Historians as Consultants and Contractors
          • Philip L. Cantelon
          • Careers for Students of History: Profiles-Christopher S. Clarke
        • Resources for Further Exploration
      • Careers in Public History
      • Data on the History Profession
        • Data Archive
      • Resources for Job Candidates and Search Committees
      • Why Become a Historian?
        • Rodolfo F. Acuna
        • David Brody
        • Gordon H. Chang
        • Spencer R. Crew
        • Natalie Zemon Davis
        • Robert Gutierrez
        • Nadine Ishitani Hata
        • Thomas Cleveland Holt
        • Patricia Reid
        • James Riding In
        • Isabel Tirado
      • Are You Thinking of a Career in Secondary Schools?
      • An Option Worth Pursuing: Teaching Opportunities for History Graduate Students in Secondary Schools
      • The Many Careers of History PhDs
        • Careers in and beyond the Professoriate
        • Evidence of Change in the Job Market
        • Field Specializations Mark Significant Differences
        • Key Differences between Programs
        • Patterns by Gender and by Mobility
        • Conclusion
      • Retirement Resources
    • Professional Life
    • Mentoring
    • Statements, Standards, and Guidelines of the Discipline
      • Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct
      • Guidelines for Broadening the Definition of Historical Scholarship (2023)
      • Guidelines for Online Teaching (2022)
        • I. Teaching History Online: Best Practices
        • II. Varieties of Online Teaching
        • III. Designations, Rules, Responsibilities
        • Glossary
      • Statement on Right to Engage in Collective Bargaining
      • Guidelines for Acknowledgment of Collaborators
      • Statement on Research Access
      • Improving the Status of Non-Tenure-Track Faculty: Recommendations for History Departments
      • AHA Resolution Supporting Scholars off the Higher Education Tenure Track (2019)
      • Guidelines for First-Round Interviews
      • Guide for Dealing with Online Harassment
      • Criteria for Standards in History/Social Studies/Social Sciences
      • Guidelines for the Incorporation of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the Work of the History Profession
      • Guidelines for Historians for the Professional Evaluation of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
      • Guidelines for the Preparation, Evaluation, and Selection of History Textbooks
      • Statement on Dual Enrollment/Concurrent Enrollment
      • Statement on Employing International Faculty
      • Statement Supporting Skills-Based Employment for International Students
      • Best Practices on Spousal/Partner Hiring
      • Standards for Museum Exhibits Dealing with Historical Subjects
      • Statement on Age Discrimination
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      • Statement on Excellent Classroom Teaching of History
      • Tenure, Promotion, and the Publicly Engaged Academic Historian
      • Guidelines for the Doctoral Dissertation Process (2016)
      • Guidelines for the Preparation of Teachers of History (2016)
      • Best Practices for Accessible Publishing (2016)
      • Statement of Support for Academic Freedom (2016)
      • Guidelines on the Professional Evaluation of Digital Scholarship by Historians (2015)
      • Statement on Graduate School Offers of Financial Support (2014)
      • Statement on Policies Regarding the Option to Embargo Completed History PhD Dissertations
      • Statement on Productivity
      • Statement on Scholarly Journal Publishing
      • When Academic Departments Merge: First Principles, Best Practices
      • Best Practices on Transparency in Placement Records
      • Equity for Minority Historians in the Academic History Workplace: A Guide to Best Practices
      • Guidelines for Job Offers in History
      • Statement on Peer Review for Historical Research
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      • Benchmarks for Professional Development
    • Meetings & Seminars Calendar
  • Annual Meeting
    • Program
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  • Awards & Grants
    • Awards & Prizes
      • Herbert Baxter Adams Prize
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    • Grants & Fellowships
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    • Past Recipients
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      • Littleton-Griswold Grant Recipients
      • Littleton-Griswold Prize Recipients
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      • National Institute of Social Sciences Annual Meeting Travel Grant Recipients
      • John E. O'Connor Film Award Recipients
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      • James A. Rawley Prize Recipients
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        • 2007 Theodore Roosevelt-Woodrow Wilson Award Recipient
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        • 2011 Theodore Roosevelt-Woodrow Wilson Award Recipient
        • 2012 Theodore Roosevelt-Woodrow Wilson Award Recipient
        • 2013 Theodore Roosevelt-Woodrow Wilson Award Recipient
      • Dorothy Rosenberg Phi Beta Kappa Travel Grant Recipients
      • Dorothy Rosenberg Prize Recipients
      • Roy Rosenzweig Prize Recipients
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      • Discontinued Awards
        • J. Franklin Jameson Fellowship
    • Awards & Fellowships Calendar
  • About AHA & Membership
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        • Standards for Part-Time, Adjunct and Contingent Faculty (2011)
        • Gutenberg-e Program (1999-2008)
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        • The Status of Women in the Historical Profession (2005)
        • Retrieving the Master's Degree from the Dustbin of History (2005)
          • Introduction
          • I. A (Very) Brief History of the Master's Degree
          • II. The History Master's Degree: A Snapshot in Statistics
          • III. Destinations and Desires
          • IV. Where Is the Mastery in the Master's Degree?
          • V. Defining a Distinctive Role for the Master's Level in History
          • VI. Unanswered Questions
          • Appendix 1
            • Appendix 1-2
            • Appendix 1-3
            • Appendix 1-4
            • Appendix 1-5
            • Appendix 1-6
            • Appendix 1-7
          • Appendix 2
            • Appendix 2-1
          • Appendix 3
          • Appendix 4
          • Appendix 5
          • Notes
        • Report on the Status and Hiring of Women and Minority Historians in Academia (2004)
        • Public History, Public Historians, and the American Historical Association (2004)
          • Background
          • Organization of the Report
          • Charge 1
          • Charge 2
          • Charge 3
          • Charge 4
          • Charge 5
          • Key Recommendations
        • The Education of Historians for the Twenty-first Century (2004)
          • Committee Members
          • Acknowledgements
          • Introduction
          • Chapter 1. We Historians
          • Chapter 2. Necessary Discussions
            • Chapter 2. Necessary Discussions Notes
          • Chapter 3. Recommendations
          • Chapter 4. The National Shape of Doctoral Education: A Survey of Graduate Programs
          • Appendix A: Consultations with the Discipline
          • Appendix B: List of Respondents to the Graduate Program Survey
          • Bibliography
        • Questions Regarding the Policy Statement on Institutional Review Boards (2003)
          • Historians and Institutional Review Boards: A Brief Bibliography
        • Standards for Employment of Part-Time Faculty (2003)
        • Who Is Teaching in US College Classrooms? (1999)
        • Working Together to Strengthen History Teaching in Secondary Schools (1998)
        • Guidelines for the Employment of Part-Time and Temporary Faculty in History (1998)
        • Why Study History? (1998)
        • Statement on Intellectual Diversity by the Coalition of History Editors for Publishing in the Future (1998)
        • Statement of Priorities (1997)
        • Redefining Historical Scholarship
        • AHA Statement on Discrimination and Harassment in Academia
        • Guidelines for AHA-Sponsored Regional Teaching Conferences
        • Why Study History? (1985)
        • Committee on Women Historians' 1980 Summary Report (1980)
        • The FBI Files: A Challenge for Historians (1980)
        • Report of the AHA Committee on the Rights of Historians (1974)
          • Report of the AHA Committee on the Rights of Historians: Executive Director's Preface
          • Committee Submission Letter
          • I. Foreword
          • II. Analysis of the Questionnaire
          • III. Analysis of Individual Cases
          • IV. Statement of Professional Standards
          • Appendix A: Tabulation of the Results of the Questionnaire
          • Appendix B: Excerpts from Reports on Cases and Conditions in the Questionnaires
          • Appendix C: Letter Sent to Historians on Violations of Academic Freedom
          • Appendix D: Letter Sent to Historians with Questionnaire
        • The AHA Review Board: Final Report (1973)
          • Resolution
          • Rationale and Proposals
        • The AHA Review Board: A Preliminary Report (1972)
          • The AHA Review Board: A Preliminary Report: Letter of Transmittal
          • 1. The Review Board
          • 2. The Present State of the Association
          • 3. Governance
          • 4. The Committee System
          • 5. The Divisons of the Associations
          • 6. Publications
          • 7. The Annual Meeting
          • 8. Associated Specialized Historical Societies
          • 9. Finance
          • 10. Dues
        • The American Revolution Bicentennial and the Papers of Great White Men (1971)
        • Report of the AHA Committee on the Status of Women (1970)
          • Rose Report: Introduction
          • Part One: Recommended Resolutions
          • Part Two: The Committee's Charge and Its Interpretation
          • Part Three: Summary of Findings
          • Appendix A: Survey of Employment Patterns in Thirty Representative Institutions
          • Appendix B: Questionnaire Addressed to 1970 PhD Recipients
          • Appendix C: Decennial Check of Women Participants in AHA Programs and on AHA Committees
          • Appendix D: Principal Sources Consulted
          • Appendix E: Proportion of Women to Men Receiving PhD and MA Degrees between 1900 and 1970
        • Professional Comment and Controversy (1970)
        • Minutes of the Annual Business Meeting, December 28-29, 1969
        • On the Education of Historians in the United States (1963)
        • The Education of Historians in the United States (1962)
          • Foreword
          • Acknowledgments and Sources
          • Introduction: As Seen by the Chairman
          • Do We Need More College Teachers?
          • Graduate Students in History
          • History in the Colleges
          • The Master’s Degree
          • Ph.D.-Training Institutions
          • Doctoral Study in History
          • Major Criticisms of Ph.D. Training
          • Experiments with Teacher Training and Tightened Programs
          • Recommendations
          • Appendixes
        • American History in Schools and Colleges (1944)
          • American History in Schools and Colleges: Preface
          • Chapter 1: Do Americans Know Their Own History?
          • Chapter 2: Why Should Americans Know Their Own History?
          • Chapter 3: American History in the Classroom
          • Chapter 4: History beyond the Classroom
          • Chapter 5: History among the Social Studies
          • Chapter 6: Recommended Content for American History Courses
          • Chapter 7: American History in Schools and Colleges
          • Chapter 8: The Social Studies Teacher
          • Chapter 9: Public Opinion and History Teachers
          • Chapter 10: As We See It
          • Appendix - American History in Schools and Colleges - 1944
        • Final Report of the Committee of Ten on Reorganization and Policy (1939)
        • Letter from President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the AHA (1934)
        • Historical Scholarship in America: Needs and Opportunities (1932)
          • Historical Scholarship in America: Preface
          • Part I: Introduction
          • Part I: Findings of the Committee
          • Part II: Report of the Conference on Ancient History
          • Part II: Report of the Conference on Mediaeval History
          • Part II: Report of the Conference on Modern European History
          • Part II: Report of the Eastern Conference on American History
          • Part II: Report of the Middle-Western Conference on American History
          • Appendix: Conference Agenda
        • The Writing of History (1926)
          • The Writing of History: Preface
          • The Historian's Work
          • The Influence of Graduate Instruction on Historical Writing
          • The Craftsmanship of the Historian
          • The Present State of Historical Writing
        • The Study of History in Schools (1898)
          • The Study of History in Schools: Preface
          • Value of Historical Study
          • Continuity of Historical Study and the Relation of History to Other Subjects
          • Four Years' Course, consisting of Four Blocks or Periods
          • Why No Short Course in General History is Recommended
          • How the Different Blocks or Periods May be Treated
          • Methods of Instruction
          • Sources
          • Intensive Study
          • The Need of Trained Teachers
          • College-Entrance Requirements
          • Entrance Examinations
          • Appendix I: The Present Condition of History in American Secondary Schools
          • Appendix II: Study of History Below the Secondary School
          • Appendix III: History in the German Gymnasia
          • Appendix IV: History in French Lycees
          • Appendix V: History in English Secondary Schools
          • Appendix VI: History in Canadian Secondary Schools
          • Appendix VII: Some Books and Articles on the Teaching of History
          • Appendix VII: Maps and Atlases
        • The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893)
        • The Requirements for the Historical Doctorate in America (1893)
        • First Meeting of the American Historical Association (1884)
          • Preliminary Business Meeting
          • First Public Session
          • Final Organization, Constitution, and Original Membership
          • Private Session
          • Second Public Session
          • Resolutions of First Executive Council
          • First AHA Membership Roster
          • A New Historical Movement
      • Presidential Addresses
        • By Year
        • By Name
        • Albert Bushnell Hart
          • Albert Bushnell Hart Biography
        • Alfred Thayer Mahan
          • Alfred Thayer Mahan Biography
        • Allan Nevins
          • Allan Nevins Biography
        • Andrew C. McLaughlin
          • Andrew C. McLaughlin Biography
        • Anthony Grafton
          • Anthony Grafton Biography
          • Anthony Grafton Notes
        • Arthur M. Schlesinger
          • Arthur M. Schlesinger Biography
        • Arthur S. Link
          • Arthur S. Link Biography
        • Akira Iriye
          • Akira Iriye Biography
        • Andrew Dickson White (1884)
          • Andrew D. White Biography
        • Andrew Dickson White (1885)
        • Barbara D. Metcalf
          • Barbara D. Metcalf Biography
          • Barbara D. Metcalf Notes
        • Barbara Weinstein
          • Barbara Weinstein Biography
        • Bernadotte E. Schmitt
          • Bernadotte E. Schmitt Biography
        • Bernard Bailyn
          • Bernard Bailyn Biography
        • C. H. McIlwain
          • C. H. McIlwain Biography
        • C. Vann Woodward
          • C. Vann Woodward Biography
        • Carl Bridenbaugh
          • Carl Bridenbaugh Biography
        • Carl L. Becker
          • Carl L. Becker Biography
        • Carl N. Degler
          • Carl N. Degler Biography
        • Carlton J. H. Hayes
          • Carlton J. H. Hayes Biography
        • Caroline Walker Bynum
          • Caroline Walker Bynum Biography
          • Caroline Walker Bynum Notes
        • Charles Gibson
          • Charles Gibson Biography
        • Charles A. Beard
          • Charles A. Beard Biography
        • Charles Francis Adams
          • Charles F. Adams Biography
        • Charles Homer Haskins
          • Charles H. Haskins Biography
        • Charles Kendall Adams
          • Charles K. Adams Biography
        • Charles M. Andrews (1924)
          • Charles M. Andrews Biography
        • Charles M. Andrews (1925)
        • Conyers Read
          • Conyers Read Biography
        • Crane Brinton
          • Crane Brinton Biography
        • Dana C. Munro
          • Dana C. Munro Biography
        • David Herlihy
          • David Herlihy Biography
        • David H. Pinkney
          • David H. Pinkney Biography
        • Dexter Perkins
          • Dexter Perkins Biography
        • Edward Channing
          • Edward Channing Biography
        • Edward Eggleston
          • Edward Eggleston Biography
        • Edward P. Cheyney
          • Edward P. Cheyney Biography
        • Eric Foner
          • Eric Foner Biography
        • Evarts B. Greene
          • Evarts B. Greene Biography
        • Frederic C. Lane
          • Frederic C. Lane Biography
        • Frederic L. Paxson
          • Frederic L. Paxson Biography
        • Frederic Wakeman Jr.
          • Frederic Wakeman Jr. Biography
        • Frederick Jackson Turner
          • Frederick Jackson Turner Biography
        • Gabrielle M. Spiegel
          • Gabrielle M. Spiegel Biography
        • George Bancroft
          • George Bancroft Biography
        • George Burton Adams
          • George Burton Adams Biography
        • George F. Hoar
          • George F. Hoar Biography
        • George L. Burr
          • George L. Burr Biography
        • George Park Fisher
          • George Park Fisher Biography
        • Goldwin Smith
          • Goldwin Smith Biography
        • Gordon A. Craig
          • Gordon A. Craig Biography
        • Gordon Wright
          • Gordon Wright Biography
        • Guy Stanton Ford
          • Guy Stanton Ford Biography
        • H. Morse Stephens
          • H. Morse Stephens Biography
        • Hajo Holborn
          • Hajo Holborn Biography
        • Henry Adams
          • Henry Adams Biography
        • Henry Charles Lea
          • Henry Charles Lea Biography
        • Henry Osborn Taylor
          • Henry Osborn Taylor Biography
        • Herbert E. Bolton
          • Herbert E. Bolton Biography
        • J. Franklin Jameson
          • J. Franklin Jameson Biography
        • Jacqueline Jones
          • Jacqueline Jones Biography
        • James B. Angell
          • James B. Angell Biography
        • James Ford Rhodes
          • James Ford Rhodes Biography
        • James G. Randall
          • James G. Randall Biography
        • James H. Sweet
          • James H. Sweet Biography
        • James Harvey Robinson
          • James Harvey Robinson Biography
        • James Henry Breasted
          • James Henry Breasted Biography
        • James J. Sheehan
          • James J. Sheehan Biography
        • James M. McPherson
          • James M. McPherson Biography
        • James Schouler
          • James Schouler Biography
        • James Westfall Thompson
          • James Westfall Thompson Biography
        • Jan E. Goldstein
          • Jan E. Goldstein Biography
          • Jan E. Goldstein Notes
        • Jean Jules Jusserand
          • Jean Jules Jusserand Biography
          • Jean J. Jusserand Notes
        • John Bach McMaster
          • John Bach McMaster Biography
        • John H. Coatsworth
          • John H. Coatsworth Biography
        • John Hope Franklin
          • John Hope Franklin Biography
        • John Jay
          • John Jay Biography
        • John K. Fairbank
          • John K. Fairbank Biography
        • John R. McNeill
          • John R. McNeill Biography
        • Jonathan Spence
          • Jonathan Spence Biography
        • Joseph C. Miller
          • Joseph C. Miller Biography
          • Joseph C. Miller Notes
        • Joseph R. Strayer
          • Joseph R. Strayer Biography
        • Joyce Appleby
          • Joyce Appleby Biography
        • Julian P. Boyd
          • Julian P. Boyd Biography
        • Justin Winsor
          • Justin Winsor Biography
        • Kenneth Pomeranz
          • Kenneth Pomeranz Biography
        • Kenneth Scott Latourette
          • Kenneth Scott Latourette Biography
        • Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
          • Laurel Thatcher Ulrich Biography
        • Lewis Hanke
          • Lewis Hanke Biography
        • Linda K. Kerber
          • Linda K. Kerber Biography
          • Linda K. Kerber Notes
        • Louis Gottschalk
          • Louis Gottschalk Biography
        • Louis R. Harlan
          • Louis R. Harlan Biography
        • Louise A. Tilly
          • Louise A. Tilly Biography
        • Lynn Hunt
          • Lynn Hunt Biography
        • Lynn Thorndike
          • Lynn Thorndike Biography
        • Lynn White Jr.
          • Lynn White Biography
        • Mary Lindemann
          • Mary Lindemann Biography
        • Mary Beth Norton
          • Mary Beth Norton Biography
        • Max Farrand
          • Max Farrand Biography
        • Merle Curti
          • Merle Curti Biography
        • Michael I. Rostovtzeff
          • Michael I. Rostovtzeff Biography
        • Natalie Zemon Davis
          • Natalie Zemon Davis Biography
          • Natalie Zemon Davis Notes
        • Nellie Neilson
          • Nellie Neilson Biography
        • Patrick Manning
          • Patrick Manning Biography
        • Philip D. Curtin
          • Philip D. Curtin Biography
        • R. R. Palmer
          • R. R. Palmer Biography
        • Richard B. Morris
          • Richard B. Morris Biography
        • Richard S. Storrs
          • Richard S. Storrs Biography
        • Robert Darnton
          • Robert Darnton Biography
          • Robert Darnton Notes
        • Robert Livingston Schuyler
          • Robert L. Schuyler Biography
        • Roy F. Nichols
          • Roy F. Nichols Biography
        • Samuel Eliot Morison
          • Samuel Eliot Morison Biography
        • Samuel Flagg Bemis
          • Samuel Flagg Bemis Biography
        • Sidney B. Fay
          • Sidney B. Fay Biography
        • Simeon E. Baldwin
          • Simeon E. Baldwin Biography
        • Theodore Roosevelt
          • Theodore Roosevelt Biography
        • Thomas C. Cochran
          • Thomas C. Cochran Biography
        • Thomas C. Holt
          • Thomas C. Holt Biography
        • Thomas J. Wertenbaker
          • Thomas J. Wertenbaker Biography
        • Tyler Stovall
          • Tyler Stovall Biography
        • Vicki L. Ruiz
          • Vicki L. Ruiz Biography
        • W. S. Ferguson
          • W. S. Ferguson Biography
        • Walter Prescott Webb
          • Walter P. Webb Biography
        • William Cronon
          • William Cronon Biography
        • William A. Dunning
          • William A. Dunning Biography
        • William E. Dodd
          • William E. Dodd Biography
        • William E. Leuchtenburg
          • William E. Leuchtenburg Biography
        • William F. Poole
          • William F. Poole Biography
        • William H. McNeill
          • William H. McNeill Biography
        • William J. Bouwsma
          • William J. Bouwsma Biography
        • William L. Langer
          • William L. Langer Biography
        • William Linn Westermann
          • William L. Westermann Biography
        • William M. Sloane
          • William M. Sloane Biography
        • William Roscoe Thayer
          • William R. Thayer Biography
        • William Wirt Henry
          • William W. Henry Biography
        • Wm. Roger Louis
          • Wm. Roger Louis Biography
        • Worthington C. Ford
          • Worthington C. Ford Biography
      • GI Roundtable Series
        • GI Roundtable Series: Introduction
        • Pamphlets
          • EM 1: Guide for Discussion Leaders (1944)
            • Why Discussion Groups in the Army?
            • Stimulating Interest
            • Choosing Subjects
            • How to Lead Discussion
            • Group Discussion in Isolated Units
            • Checking the Results
            • Reference Materials
          • EM 2: What Is Propaganda? (1944)
            • Defining Propaganda I
            • Enemy Propaganda
            • Democratic vs. Enemy Propaganda
            • War Propaganda
            • The Story of Propaganda
            • What Are the Tools of Propaganda?
            • Some Limitations of Propaganda
            • News and Propaganda
            • Defining Propaganda II
            • How to Size Up Propaganda
            • To the Leader
            • A Few Suggestions for Further Reading about Propaganda
          • EM 3: Is a Crime Wave Coming? (1946)
            • What Is Crime?
            • What Causes Crime?
            • How Does War Affect Crime?
            • What Happened during World War II?
            • What Is Likely to Happen Now?
            • What Can We Do about It?
            • To the Discussion Leader
          • EM 4: Are Opinion Polls Useful? (1946)
            • What Was the Old-Fashioned Way of Polling Opinion?
            • What Are Public Opinion Polls?
            • How Are Polls Made?
            • Why Do Polls Get Different Results?
            • Is It Important to Know Public Opinion?
            • What Types of Information Can Polls Find?
            • Do Polls Form Public Opinion?
            • Should Congressmen Rely on Poll Results?
            • Should Polls Be Financed and Used by Federal Agencies?
            • Should An Unbiased Check Be Made of All Polls?
            • To the Discussion Leader
            • For Further Reading
          • EM 5: Why Do We Have a Social Security Law? (1946)
            • What's Behind the Search for Social Security?
            • What Is Our Social Security Program Now?
            • Do Veterans Get Any of These Benefits?
            • What Do Americans Think about Social Security?
            • Is Social Security a Federal Monopoly?
            • Should the Present System Be Changed?
            • Where Does the Money Come From?
            • To the Discussion Leader
            • For Further Reading
          • EM 6: Why Do Veterans Organize? (1946)
            • Why Do Human Beings Want to Be Joiners?
            • Will Organization Help You Become a Civilian?
            • How Can Veterans' Organizations Serve the Nation?
            • How Can Veterans' Organizations Serve Themselves?
            • What Will Today’s Veterans Do about Organizing?
            • To the Discussion Leader
            • For Further Reading
          • EM 10: What Shall Be Done about Germany after the War? (1944)
            • What Was Done after the Last War?
            • What Caused Germany to Start Another War?
            • What Could Have Been Done about Germany after the Last War?
            • What Should Be Done, after Germany's Defeat this Time?
            • Preventing Future German Aggression
            • Eliminating the Promoters of War
            • Justice to Germany's Victims
            • Economic Recovery of Europe
            • Punishment of German War Criminals
            • Can Germany Become a Free and Democratic Country?
            • Can Germany Become Peaceful and Law-Abiding?
            • The Main Questions
            • To the Leader
            • Suggestions for Further Reading
          • EM 11: What Shall Be Done with the War Criminals? (1944)
            • Who Are the War Criminals?
            • The Rules of Warfare and Their Violation
            • What Happened after the Last War?
            • Under What Laws Shall the United Nations Proceed?
            • Trial by Local Courts
            • Trial by International Tribunals
            • Are Chiefs of State Liable?
            • Getting Hold of the Accused
            • Are "Superior Orders" a Legitimate Defense?
            • How Shall the Guilty Be Punished?
            • To the Discussion Leader
            • Suggestions for Further Reading
          • EM 12: Can We Prevent Future Wars? (1944)
            • What Has Already Been Settled
            • What Means Could an International Organization Use to Prevent Wars?
            • To the Leader
            • Suggestions For Further Reading
          • EM 13: How Shall Lend-Lease Accounts Be Settled? (1945)
            • How Did the Idea of Lend-Lease Get Started? And Why?
            • How Was the Idea Turned into the Law of the Land?
            • How Much of What Goods Have We Sent to Which Allies?
            • How Much Help Do We Get Via Reverse Lend-Lease?
            • What Criticisms Have Been Made against Lend-Lease?
            • What Principles Should Govern the Final Settlement?
            • What Are Some of the Concrete Problems to Be Faced?
            • To the Leader
            • Suggestions for Further Reading
          • EM 14: Is the Good Neighbor Policy a Success? (1945)
            • What Is the Good Neighbor Policy?
            • How New Is the Good Neighbor Policy?
            • Has the Good Neighbor Policy Paid Dividends?
            • Does "Latin America" Exist?
            • Portfolio: Latin America
            • There Is No One Latin-American Type
            • Can Poetry and Music Win Friends?
            • Another Quarter Heard From
            • The Gold-Rush Days Are Over
            • Is the Policy Here to Stay?
            • To the Discussion Leader
            • For Further Reading
          • EM 15: What Shall Be Done about Japan after Victory? (1945)
            • Why Did Japan Choose War?
            • Did Japan Have to Go to War for Economic Reasons?
            • Could the United States Have Avoided a Showdown?
            • What Should We Do When Japan Has Been Defeated?
            • How Can We Keep the Japanese from Future Aggression?
            • Should Japan Pay Damages?
            • Can Japan Pay Damages?
            • Can We Find a Punishment that Fits the Crimes?
            • Shall We Destroy Japanese Trade and Industry?
            • What Sort of Government for Postwar Japan?
            • Can Japan Get In Step With A Peaceable World?
            • Portfolio of Images
            • To the Discussion Leader
            • Suggestions for Further Reading
          • EM 16: What Makes the British Commonwealth Hold Together? (1946)
            • What's Included in the British Commonwealth?
            • Why Do We Ask?
            • What Happened after America Pulled Out In 1776?
            • Growth of the Empire
            • Why Haven't Other Colonies Followed Our Example?
            • Are the Dominions Really Independent?
            • Are the Colonies Moving toward Independence?
            • The Commonwealth at War
            • Will the Commonwealth Hold Together?
            • To the Discussion Leader
            • For Further Reading
          • EM 17: How Free Are the Skyways? (1945)
            • Why Is Freedom of the Air a Peacetime Problem?
            • Closing the Skies